The President's budget request
Congressional consideration of the federal budget begins once the
President of the United States submits a budget request, which is formulated over a period of months with the assistance of the
Office of Management and Budget, the largest office within the
Executive Office of the President. The budget request includes funding requests for all
federal executive departments and
independent agencies.
The President submits the budget request each year to Congress for the following fiscal year, as required by the
Budget and Accounting Act of 1921. Current law (31 U.S.C. 1105(a))
[4] requires the President to submit a budget no earlier than the first Monday in January, and no later than the first Monday in February. Typically, Presidents submit budgets on the first Monday in February.
The President's budget request constitutes an extensive proposal of the administration's intended spending and revenue plans for the following
fiscal year. The budget proposal includes volumes of supporting information intended to persuade
Congress of the necessity and value of the budget provisions. In addition, each federal executive department and independent agency provides additional detail and supporting documentation to Congress on its own funding requests.
Budget resolution
The next step is the drafting of a budget resolution. The
United States House Committee on the Budget and the
United States Senate Committee on the Budget are responsible for drafting budget resolutions. Following the traditional calendar, by early April both committees finalize their drafts and submit it to their respective floors for consideration and adoption.
A budget resolution, which is one form of a
concurrent resolution, binds Congress, but is not a law, and so does not require the President's signature. The budget resolution serves as a blueprint for the actual appropriation process, and provides Congress with some control over the appropriations process. No new spending authority, however, is provided until
appropriation bills are enacted.
Once both houses pass the resolution, selected Representatives and Senators negotiate a
conference report to reconcile differences between the House and the Senate versions. The conference report, in order to become binding, must be approved by both the House and Senate.