Some interesting models to look at:
* Economic downturn — This category includes all changes in the deficit that CBO labeled “economic” in the three reports — in January, March, and August 2009 [9] — that it has issued since September 2008, which total $1.6 trillion over the 2009-2018 period. It also includes the bulk of revenue changes that CBO called “technical.” In the revenue area, so-called technical changes essentially refer to trends in collections that CBO’s analysts cannot tie directly to published macroeconomic data. In fact, those data become available with a lag and are subject to major revision; weak revenues are often a tipoff that the economy is worse than the official statistics suggest. Furthermore, some key determinants of revenues — such as capital gains on stock-market transactions — are tied to the economy, but those influences are not captured by the standard macroeconomic indicators. Because the economic-versus-technical distinction is so arbitrary for revenues, we have ascribed most of CBO’s large, downward “technical” reestimates to the economic downturn. We add the associated debt-service costs. The technical reestimates to revenues and the associated debt-service costs add $1.2 trillion and $0.4 trillion, respectively, to this category over the 2009-2018 period.[10]
* TARP, Fannie, and Freddie — The Treasury spent $245 billion for these entities in 2009 ($154 billion for TARP and $91 billion for Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, net of dividends received). Projections for 2010 through 2019 come from CBO’s August 2009 baseline.[11] We computed the extra debt-service costs, which total $179 billion over the 2009-2019 period. (By 2013, virtually the entire cost shown in Table 1 represents debt-service costs.)
* ARRA — Budgetary effects of ARRA come from CBO’s official estimate of February 13, 2009.[12] We removed the portion ascribed to indexing the AMT for another year.[13] Annual AMT “patches” have been a fixture since 2001, and ARRA just happened to provide the vehicle. The AMT provision accounted for $70 billion of ARRA’s $787 billion “headline” cost, leaving a remaining $717 billion. We then added the associated debt-service costs, which amount to $302 billion over the 2009-2019 period.
* Bush-era tax cuts — Through 2011, the estimated impacts come from adding up past estimates of all changes in tax laws — chiefly the Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001 (EGTRRA), the Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003 (JGTRRA), the 2008 stimulus package, and a series of annual AMT patches — enacted since 2001. Those estimates were based on the economic and technical assumptions used when CBO and the Joint Committee on Taxation (JCT) originally “scored” the legislation, but the numbers would not change materially using up-to-date assumptions. Most of the Bush tax cuts expire after December 2010 (partway through fiscal 2011). We added the cost of extending them, along with continuing AMT relief, from estimates prepared by CBO and JCT.[14] We did not assume extension of the temporary tax provisions enacted in ARRA. Together, the tax cuts account for $3.4 trillion of the deficits over the 2009-2019 period. Finally, we added the extra debt-service costs caused by the Bush-era tax cuts, amounting to $1.9 trillion over the period and an astonishing $350 billion in 2019 alone.
* War costs — Spending for operations in Iraq and Afghanistan and related activities cost $610 billion through fiscal 2008, according to CBO ($575 billion for the Department of Defense and $35 billion for international affairs).[15] We based estimates of costs in 2009 through 2019 on CBO’s projections, adjusted for a phase-down to 75,000 troops; those costs come to $1.1 trillion. [16] We add the associated debt-service costs, which come to $715 billion over the 2009-2019 period and $121 billion in 2019 alone.
One of the major domestic initiatives of the Bush Administration was the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003 (known informally as the Medicare Modernization Act, or MMA). The MMA created a new prescription-drug benefit in Medicare, known as Medicare Part D. This legislation was only partly paid for, and it added significantly to the deficit that President Obama inherited. Why is it absent from this analysis?
The Congressional Budget Office initially estimated that the MMA would add to the deficit by $395 billion over its first decade, spanning the years between 2004 and 2013. (Medicare’s chief actuary pegged the net cost significantly higher — at $534 billion over that period.) CBO’s estimate consisted of $552 billion in net spending — new benefits, partially offset by premiums and by receipts from the states — for the new Medicare drug benefit itself, minus $157 billion in savings in Medicaid and other federal programs.