The law of New York was followed, which is why you end up with articles from pro-Trump news sources saying he was “cleared of rape.”
storage.courtlistener.com
Trump was making an argument about the reasonableness of damages and asking Kaplan to overturn a jury verdict based on the idea that what he was found to have done wasn’t offensive enough to support $2M in damages because they had cleared him of rape, therefore they might have just found that he groped her breasts over her clothing.
According to Kaplan, this isn’t like criminal law, where statute A sets out a penalty of X amount and statute B sets out a penalty of X+Y amount (see p. 39). It’s a matter of his evaluation of whether the jury verdict is egregiously against the weight of the evidence.
The parties did not seek a verdict with detailed findings (p. 42). So the jury did not articulate what specific behavior constitutes the sexual assault.
Kaplan is supposed to determine whether the verdict matches the evidence and he can weigh some aspects of it, but he is required to give pretty substantial deference to the jury.
The judge cited the evidence at trial and found that there was no evidence that Trump had merely groped Carrol’s breasts over her clothing. However, there was evidence that he had forcibly and painfully penetrated her vagina with his fingers. Given the New York statutory definition of sexual assault that was charged to the jury, and his own weighing of the proof, this was the most reasonable explanation for their verdict. He finds that that conduct supported a verdict of $2M.
tl;dr Calling it rape avoids minimizing the gravity and offensiveness of the conduct in a way that is quick and easily understood and also places it within a range of conduct that meets the statutory definition of sexual assault, which is the essence of what he must decide and convey in writing when evaluating the reasonableness of the verdict. Noting that it’s the “common meaning” of the word is a way to distinguish it from the relevant statute.
Where is the slippery slope in that? It’s just a judge being a judge and seemingly following established rules and laws.