oppress, v.
Pronunciation: Brit. /əˈprɛs/ , U.S. /əˈprɛs/
Inflections: Past tense and past participle oppressed, (chiefly arch.) opprest, oppresst.
Forms:
α. ME opperesse, ME opprese, ME16 oppresse, ME16 opresse, ME17 oppres, ME17 (18 nonstandard) opress, ME oppress; also Sc. pre-17 oppres, pre-17 opprese, pre-17 oppresse, pre-17 opres; also past tense and past participle ME opprest (now arch.), 15 oppreste (past participle); Sc. pre-17 oppres (past participle).
β. ME appres (in a late copy), ME appresse, ME apresse, 15 appress, 15 appreste (past participle); Sc. pre-17 apres; N.E.D. (1903 ) also records a form lME appress.
Etymology: < Anglo-Norman and Middle French, French oppresser to press or urge (c1200 in Old French as opressé , past participle; also Anglo-Norman and Middle French apresser , appresser (early 12th cent.)), to overwhelm, suppress (second half of the 13th cent.), to violate (15th cent. in an isolated attestation), to afflict, distress (c1485) < oppress- (in oppression oppression n.), after classical Latin opprimere (past participial stem oppress- ) to overwhelm, to suppress, conceal, to crush, press, smother, to keep in subjection, to take by surprise, in post-classical Latin also to rape, violate (Vulgate) < ob- ob- prefix + premere to press (see press v.1). Compare post-classical Latin oppressare (11th cent.; c1470 in a British source), frequentative of classical Latin opprimere , Italian oppressare (a1324; 1598 in Florio), Spanish opressar (142050 to weigh down on, 16th cent. in fig. use), Old Occitan opressar .
With sense 8 compare classical Latin opprimere ōra to shut the mouth, opprimere oculōs to close the eyes.
1.
a. trans. To overcome, put down, or subdue; to suppress; to check or put an end to; (spec.) to overwhelm (a person) in a fight or battle. Obs.
c1380 Chaucer Second Nun's Tale 4 Ydelnesse‥To eschuen and by hir contrarie hire oppresse‥Wel oghte we to doon al oure entente.
?c1425 (1390) Chaucer Fortune 60 Why sholdestow my realtee oppresse [v.r. apresse]?
c1450 J. Capgrave Solace of Pilgrims (Bodl. 423) (1911) 48 Whom þei wold preferr þei schul regne in prosperite and whom þe wold oppresse þe schuld neuyr rise.
a1500 (1413) Pilgrimage of Soul (Egerton) iv. xxxvi. f. 81v, Strong and myghti‥to oppresse briboures and extorcioneres.
1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry VI f. cxxx, The Englishemen‥beyng oppressed with so greate a multitude, thei wer compelled to flie into the Abbaye.
1560 J. Daus tr. J. Sleidane Commentaries f. xljv, That the trueth should be oppressed, and the lyght of the Ghospell extinguisshed.
1603 R. Knolles Gen. Hist. Turkes 745 He‥determined‥to passe ouer‥into Affricke,‥in hope to oppresse that rebellion in the beginning.
1647 A. Ross Mystagogus Poet. (1675) viii. 167 He [sc. Hercules] oppressed Cacus.
1709 Tatler No. 32. ⁋6 An Enormity which has been revived (after being long oppressed) and is called Punning.
1713 J. Addison Cato iv. iv, Opprest with multitudes, he greatly fell.
1829 J. Mackintosh Case Donna Maria in Wks. (1846) II. 412 England‥who had the power of rapidly succouring Portugal, without the means of oppressing her independence.
b. intr. To be overwhelmed. Obs. rare1.
?c1500 Mary Magdalene (Digby) 2111 Now I know well I xall not opprese.
c. trans. To conceal; to inhibit; to remove or erase from consciousness or currency. Obs.
a1538 T. Starkey Dial. Pole & Lupset (1989) 12 Man yf he be brought up in corrupt opynyon hath no perceyverance of thys natural law, but suffryth hyt by neclygence to be oppressyd as ther wer no such sedys plantyd in hym.
1539 C. Tunstall Serm. Palme Sondaye (1823) 20 His godly nature coulde not be hydde, nor kepte vnder, nor oppressed by any humilitie.
1560 J. Daus tr. J. Sleidane Commentaries f. cliij, This is alwayes theyr facion, that‥they wyll in suche maner of assemblies, oppresse Christ and his veritie.
2. trans.
a. To press forcefully on (a person or thing), esp. so as to cause damage or discomfort; to crush; to crowd; to smother. Obs.
a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) Job i. 19 Þe hous‥fallinge oppressede [L. oppressit] þi fre childre & ben deade.
c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) Mark iii. 9 The litil boot shulde serue hym for the cumpanye of peple, lest thei oppressiden [L. comprimerent] hym.
?1440 tr. Palladius De Re Rustica (Duke Humfrey) (1896) iii. 499 Yef euery kynde an order by hymselve, Lest myghty treen the smale adoun oppresse.
a1464 J. Capgrave Abbreuiacion of Cron. (Cambr. G. IV. 12) (1983) 209 He was slayn‥oppressed betwix to fedir-beddis.
?a1500 in Archiv f. das Studium der Neueren Sprachen (1911) 126 367 Sathan with wynde and wedyr‥the house downe dressid, And all the Children of Job therin wer oppressid.
1597 T. Beard Theatre Gods Judgem. ii. ii. 214 Brennus‥when hee entred the city so loaded her with gold, that he couered and oppressed her therewith.
1641 R. Carpenter Experience ii. 162 The upper part of a Church fell‥and‥the women sitting in the body of the Church, many of them were oppressed.
1740 S. Richardson Pamela (1824) I. cii. 493 Fear to put on his hat, lest he should oppress his foretop.
1781 Gibbon Decline & Fall (1869) II. xxxv. 298 The wounded king was oppressed in the general disorder, and trampled under the feet of his own cavalry.
b. Of grief, sleep, hunger, etc.: to affect with a feeling of pressure, constraint, or distress; to afflict; to (mentally) overwhelm or weigh down (a person). Freq. with by or with. Also intr.
c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Deeds x. 38 Jhesu of Nazareth‥thorw passide in‥heelinge alle men oppressid [L. oppressos] of the deuyl.
a1425 (1385) Chaucer Troilus & Criseyde (1987) iii. 1089 Every spirit his vigour in knette, So they astoned or oppressed were.
c1425 Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) ii. 2462 A sodeyn slep gan me‥oppresse.
1477 Caxton tr. R. Le Fèvre Hist. Jason (1913) 46 Hit semeth that he hath his herte oppressid with aspre dueil and sorowe.
a1533 Ld. Berners tr. Bk. Duke Huon of Burdeux (18827) xxii. 65 Hunger opressyd hym more than it dyde to them of gretter age.
1582 Bible (Rheims) Acts xx. 9 A certaine yong man‥was oppressed with heauy sleepe.
1594 T. Nashe Terrors of Night in Wks. (Grosart) III. 233 Such is our braine oppressed with Melancholly, as is a clocke tyed downe with two heauie weights or plummets.
1667 Milton Paradise Lost vii. 129 Knowledge is as food, and needs no less Her Temperance over Appetite,‥Oppresses else with Surfet.
1697 Dryden Alexander's Feast v. 5 With Love and Wine at once oppress'd.
1719 D. Defoe Life Robinson Crusoe 105 These Reflections oppress'd me for the second or third Day of my Distemper.
1783 G. Crabbe Village i. 15 Thus groan the old, till by disease opprest, They taste a final woe.
a1822 Shelley Witch of Atlas lxix, in Posthumous Poems (1824) 52 The grave Of such, when death oppressed the weary soul, Was as a green and over arching bower.
1851 N. Hawthorne House of Seven Gables vii. 111 As if her bosom were oppressed with tenderness, of which she must needs pour out a little, in order to gain breathing-room.
1911 A. F. Pollard Hist. Eng. viii. 143 He set out‥, leaving Mary, oppressed with grief, in the especial charge of Pole.
1939 R. A. Knox Let Dons Delight vi. 161 For all that, sheer multitudinosity has power to oppress the mind.
1989 P. Mailloux Hesitation before Birth vii. 110 He is oppressed by his work, which leaves him too tired to do anything else.
2000 J. Griffiths Grip on Thin Air 25 By night, the over-Familiarity of the room oppresses.
3.
a. trans. To keep (a person or group of people, esp. a minority or other subordinate group) in subjection and hardship by the unjust exercise of authority, power, or strength; to exploit; to tyrannize over.
a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) (1961) Deut. xxi. 14 Þou shalt leue here fre, ne sulle þou maist by money, ne oppresse [L. opprimere] by power.
c1425 Treat. Ten Commandments in Stud. Philol. (1910) 6 30 Þoo þat oppresit his tenantes‥or þat dooth ony extorsions‥kepe not þis commaundement.
c1450 W. Lichefeld Complaint of God (Lamb. 853) 333 in F. J. Furnivall Polit., Relig., & Love Poems (1903) 213 Þe poore peple þou doist oppresse Wiþ sleitis and wilis.
c1540 J. Bellenden tr. H. Boece Hyst. & Cron. Scotl. (1821) II. 261 To appele the thevis quhilkis opprest thame maist.
1620 Horæ Subsecivæ 309 Euery great man‥seuerally oppresseth the common people.
1673 in H. Paton Rep. Laing MSS (1914) I. 391 How his majestie‥has been abused & his subjects opressed.
1737 Pope Epist. of Horace i. i. 182 That Man divine whom Wisdom calls her own,‥Rich ev'n when plunder'd, honour'd while oppress'd.
1785 T. Jefferson Notes Virginia xiii. 229 One who entered into this contest‥so that the corrupt will of no one man might in future oppress him.
1844 C. Thirlwall Hist. Greece VIII. lxii. 147 The powerful citizens oppressed the weak.
1888 S. Moore tr. Marx & Engels Manifesto Communist Party ii. 22 Political power‥is merely the organised power of one class for oppressing another.
1958 I. Berlin Two Concepts Liberty iv. 28 A rule does not oppress me or enslave me if I impose it on myself consciously, or accept it freely.
1988 D. Lodge Nice Work iv. iii. 174, I did tell him I thought he was oppressing his wife.
2000 Independent 18 Jan. ii. 2/7 Nasser of Egypt was a secular ruler, as is Gaddafi of Libya, who continues violently to oppress Islamists.
b. intr. To govern harshly; to tyrannize; to engage in oppression. rare.
1611 Bible (A.V.) Psalms x. 18 To judge the fatherless & the oppressed, that the man of the earth may no more oppress.
a1911 D. G. Phillips Susan Lenox (1917) (unexpurgated ed.) II. vii. 174 The police who oppressed in petty ways wherever they dared.
4. trans. To rape, violate. Obs.
a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) 2 Kings xiii. 14 He wolde not assenten to þe preieris of hir, but more miyȝti by strengþis oppressede [L. oppressit] hir.
a1425 Dialogue Reason & Adversity (Cambr.) (1968) 3 Hadde Thamar, Dauid is dowter, ben a fouȝl, leyth damesele, behap Amoun here broþur hadde here not oppressed.
?a1475 (1425) tr. R. Higden Polychron. (Harl.) (1874) V. 39 The abbote‥was accusede‥that he hade oppressede that woman.
1578 J. Rolland Seuin Seages (1932) 3947 Be violence my Quene he wald opprest.
1613 J. Hayward Lives III Normans (Malh.) III. 157 If a man oppressed any woman, he was deprived of his privy parts.
5. trans.
a. To come upon unexpectedly; to take by surprise. Obs.
a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(1)) (1850) Prov. xx. 13 Wile thou not looue slep, lest thee nedynesse opresse [L. opprimat].
a1555 N. Ridley Wks. (1841) 145 Woe be unto us, if he can oppress us at unawares.
1603 R. Knolles Gen. Hist. Turkes 673 Hoping‥to steale into the campe vndiscouered, and there so to oppresse Solyman sleeping in his tent.
b. To attack, make war against; to persecute. Occas. of a disaster or misfortune: to afflict. Obs.
In some cases difficult to distinguish from sense 3a.
a1425 (1382) Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) Judges (Corpus Oxf.) x. 12 Whether not the Egipciens, and Amorreis,‥and Amalech, and Chanaan oppressiden [L. oppresserunt] ȝou?
c1425 Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) ii. 8227 In her Ire‥Cruelly þei her foon oppresse.
a1475 J. Fortescue Governance of Eng. (Laud) (1885) 115 The Scottes and the Pyctes‥bete and oppressid this lande.
a1500 (1430) Lydgate tr. G. Deguileville Pilgrimage Life Man (Stowe) 16108 Thamyral‥ys Sathan‥Foo to Adam and hys Lynage, For topresse hem with hys Raage.
1555 R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde i. iv. f. 20v, Fewe of the inhabitantes‥kepte theyr promyse, bycause they were sorer oppressed with famine then any of the other.
1560 J. Daus tr. J. Sleidane Commentaries f. xxxvijv, The fury of the Turkes, & the Heresie of Luther oppresse vs both at once.
1611 Bible (A.V.) Num. x. 9 If ye go to war in your land against the enemy that oppresseth you, then ye shall blow an alarm with the trumpets.
1648 S. Danforth Almanack 5 Those Birds of prey, who somtime have opprest And stain'd the Country with their filthy nest, Justice abhors.
6. trans. To deprive (a person) of or from something by force. Obs.
c1395 Chaucer Franklin's Tale 1385 She‥Chees rather for to dye than assente To been oppressed of hir maydenhede.
?a1439 Lydgate tr. Fall of Princes (Bodl. 263) iii. 1382 Sum man may disherite & oppresse A poore man from his possessioun.
7. trans. To press or urge (a person). Also refl.: to force or exert oneself. Obs.
1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. cxxxv. 162 If I wolde sore oppresse you I am sure ye wolde gladly pay x. thousand crownes.
c1540 (1400) Gest Historiale Destr. Troy 3390, I shall appres me with pyne your prayer to here.
c1540 (1400) Gest Historiale Destr. Troy 9450 Oppresse the with payn, & present hym dethe.
8. trans. To close, to shut up. Obs.
1583 W. Cecil Execution of Iustice sig. Eiv, Persons that haue‥stopped their eares against the sounde of Justice, and oppressed their heartes against the force of reason.
9. trans. Heraldry. = debruise v. 2. Cf. oppressed adj. 2. rare0.
1869 J. E. Cussans Handbk. Heraldry vi. 81 When an Ordinary surmounts, or is placed over, a Lion or other animal, it is said to be Debruised, or Oppressed, by that Ordinary.
1992 D. Williamson Debrett's Guide to Heraldry & Regalia 123/1 Debruised (oppressed), descriptive of any charge over which an ordinary or sub-ordinary is placed.
Oxford English Dictionary