I've been chewing on this question while stuck in bed (Flu B, yech) because something didn't quite settle with me. You have my previous comment - Islam as Catholic/Bedouin mashup, kept alive by paid armies - and plenty of historical (and current) evidence that backs up the underlying principles. But, and there is a
huge "but" here, western civilization as we know it would not exist if it weren't for early Abayyad Caliphates and Islamic Empires.
Expert: Muslims -- and astrology -- saved civilization, in cooperation with Jews and Christians | Cornell Chronicle
While our forebears were dying by the millions from the plague and European trade, commerce, travel, etc. were shut down, the Caliphates were busy translating Greek works - not just the major ones - into Arabic for study and prosperity. And they weren't doing it alone. From the above article:
"Although the translations of Greek texts were paid for and supervised by Muslims, the work was mostly done by Christian monks and Jews who first translated the works into Syriac, a Semitic language, and then into Arabic, he said. "The Muslims saving civilization were doing it in cooperation with Christians and Jews," said Adamson. "
Definitely not a confrontational relationship between the three Abrahamic strains at this time. As the caliphates grew and assimilated countries and cultures, they made as much as they could available to their people - they shared the wealth. And it paid dividends.
"The study of Arabic philosophy is crucial to understanding Western thought, Adamson said, because Arabic was a unifying language for philosophical and theological discussions for Christian, Jewish and Islamic scholars. Both Thomas Aquinas and Maimonides studied Avicenna and learned Aristotle through Arabic translations."
Ok, ok, I'm typing up a storm because I'm glad to finally be out of bed. I'll cut to the chase.
Everything goes to heck when you've got people in charge who control the interpretation.
Why the Arabic World Turned Away from Science
One hadith - a saying of Mohammed - is "Seek knowledge, even in China." Mohammed doesn't mention religious knowledge or scientific knowledge, and it's left to the Mullahs to put words in his mouth about which type he meant. If you come from one of the hardline mystic branches, would you interpret the prophet to mean scientific knowledge? Why would a prophet of Allah tell his people to seek earthly knowledge?
This mindset quickly translated into occasionalism (every occasion is directed by Allah, for Allah's purpose and glory), the cornerstone of Ash'arism that would quickly become Sunni, the largest denomination within Islam. Every enemy is a gift of Allah, incapable of their own thoughts or actions. This swept across northern Africa and into the Middle East, wiping out the Mu'tazilism sect that espoused inquiry and discovery, even in law; why bother creating complex legal codes and documenting trials and juries when the Koran has everything you need right there?
A point to ponder is the political connection. Christianity started with an outsider, hated by the government of His time It took hundreds of years for the church to gain a strong foothold even advising governments. In Islam, Mohammed was the government. He was the leader, the Caliph; Islam began its existence in control of things. It's all they've ever known. It's baked right into the religion.
Around the twelfth century, after we had recovered from the Dark Ages and had gleaned back the knowledge saved for us by the people we were about to go to war with, after Ash'arism had taken its authoritarian claws to the more philosophically minded sects, we diverged again. And unlike the first time, when they saved our civilization, they would not let us help them beyond individual profit or advantage when we came looking for mutual benefit.
"There was a modest rebirth of science in the Arabic world in the nineteenth century due largely to Napoleon’s 1798 expedition to Egypt, but it was soon followed by decline. Lewis notes in
What Went Wrong? that “The relationship between Christendom and Islam in the sciences was now reversed. Those who had been disciples now became teachers; those who had been masters became pupils, often reluctant and resentful pupils.” The civilization that had produced cities, libraries, and observatories and opened itself to the world had now regressed and become closed, resentful, violent, and hostile to discourse and innovation. "
It's who is in control of the translation that counts.