They are already doing it
- For the past year, short-term debt — or Treasury bills — have been about 20% of all outstanding debt.
- That's at the high end of the old suggested range. Last week the range was updated to say that 20% should be the average, not the cap.
The accusation: Short-term debt is becoming a rising share of all outstanding debt, while the share of long-term debt, like 10-year or 30-year bonds, stays flat. In turn, critics say the lower supply is preventing long-term interest rates from going up. Those rates influence borrowing costs across the economy.
Executive Summary
By adjusting the maturity profile of its debt issuance, Treasury is dynamically managing financial conditions and through
them, the economy, usurping core functions of the Federal Reserve. We dub this novel tool “activist Treasury
issuance,” or ATI. By manipulating the amount of interest rate risk owned by investors, ATI works through the same
channels as the Fed’s quantitative easing programs.
ATI has been a major market driver over the past year and we expect it will continue to play a significant role in the
years ahead; ATI may become a regular element of the policy toolbox, driving political business cycles in the market
and the economy.
We calculate that ATI has reduced 10-year yields over the last year by roughly a quarter of a percent, providing similar
stimulus as a one-point cut in the Fed Funds rate, the central bank’s primary policy tool. Combined with higher neutral
rates, ATI implies the total stance of both monetary and issuance policy, considered together, is roughly
neutral—in other words, ATI has interdicted the Fed’s attempt to restrain the economy, helping explain inflation
persistence and upward nominal growth surprises over the past year.
If ATI is unwound via terming out $1 trillion of excess Treasury Bills, we expect it to temporarily boost 10-year yields by 50
basis points, before settling into a permanent 30-bp increase, with corresponding price changes in risk assets. A 50-bp
increase in the 10-year yield will have similar economic effects as a two-point hike in the Fed Funds rate.
If ATI is not unwound but becomes a permanently employed policy tool, we are likely to see higher equilibrium
inflation and interest rates priced in over time due to political business cycles becoming reality.