The history of race, a complicated topic in any context, is particularly challenging to understand in Russia. In Russia, the term “race” has never been an official or legal category the way it was, and is, in many other modern countries. The Russian Empire’s nineteenth-century census takers asked respondents about their religious confession, but they did not ask about race (rasa), ethnicity (narodnost’) or nationality (natsional’nost’). Later, Soviet officials favoured the new and all-important categories of class and nationality over race, a fact touted as one of the marks of communism’s superiority over its race-obsessed rivals in the fascist and...